Babylonian civilization

[مروان زين]

Apple means Balokdah (Gate of God) was the Persians call it Babroc state the country of ancient Mesopotamia. Was known to ancient Sumer and the country's north of Sumer was located between the Tigris and Euphrates south of Baghdad, Iraq.Babylonian civilization appeared between 18 BC centuries. M.And 6 BC. M. And was based on agriculture, not industry. The state was founded by Hammurabi of Babylon in 1763 BC. M.Assyria was defeated in 1760 BC. M, and issued its law (Code of Hammurabi) and in 1603 BC. M. Marseilles King of the Hittites captured Babylon and seized by the Assyrians in 1240 BC. M. Alalamyin the help. Appeared Npokhaddnasr king of Babylon (1245 BC. M .- 1104 BC. M.) And their incomes Chaldeans in 721 BC. M. (And then destroyed the Assyrian city of Babylon in 689 BC. AD. Except that the Babylonians they revolt against their rulers the Assyrians in 652 BC. M. and they conquered Assyria in 612 BC. m. and took Npokhaddnasr second to Jerusalem in 578 BC. m. and the captivity of the Jews in 586 BC. m. to Babylon. and defeated the Phoenicians in 585 BC. m. and the children of Hanging Gardens of Babylon. and then seized the Persian Emperor Cyrus Ali Babylon in 538 BC. m. at the time of the Chaldean King Bhasr and annexed to his empire.
The greatest kings Hammurabi (died in 1750 BC. M.), Which is famous for a series of laws known his name. After a period of Hammurabi easy AFL star of this empire to return and thrive again and extend include Palestine and of the Egyptian border, in the period during which he dominated the Chaldeans from Babylon in 625 BC. Is called the Babylonian empire, at this stage the name of "the second Babylonian empire." The greatest Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon (605-562 BC. M.) Restored in this new, and was then surrounded by massive walls with the doors wide. It was only a short period until it fell in the hands of Babylon, Cyrus II, king of the Persians (in 539 BC. M..)The Babylonian civilization of the great ancient civilizations. Has made significant achievements in astronomy, mathematics, medicine and music.
The ruins of Babylon is located near the town of Hilla in central Iraq.

Old Babylonian state
Founded Babylon by the Amorites (1894 - 1830 BC). Led "Sumo - Ibom," which to start building a wall around Babylon, he called the "date of Enlil" (Amgeor - Enlil Imgur-Enlil), and he finished built his successor "Sumo - not - were asked" ( Sumu-la-El). The Hammurabi Sixth king of Babylon, has alerted early to the political status of city-states in the region of old, and exploited skillfully through his control of the trade route at the narrowest area between the Tigris and the Euphrates, which made Babylon one of the most important cities of the East then, and subjecting Elam and Sobarto and Ashnon, became Hammurabi Mr. Ashur as well. Open and extended state of Larsa to include areas that were state-owned land Akkadian and Sumerian, Babylonian, and thus became the most powerful country in the Mesopotamia. Has proved Hammurabi his experience in foreign policy, and establishment of several irrigation systems, buildings, and governing the country according to the penal law collection chapters in what is the law of Hammurabi, who was caught PROCEDURE (282 article of the law) laws that covered all social strata, have written the texts of this law on the monument and the number offered in the cities, also raised the Lord Marduk Hammurabi, to the rank of chief god of Babylonia.
With the beginning of the flesh "Hamsho - Ilona" (Šamšu-iluna) I Hammurabi began to rebel movements permeated southern cities, which injured by the fight in Marak several, but the control of Babylon in the region started to weaken with time, also contributed to these rebellions domestic and foreign invasions in the loss of Babylon their ability to control the land of Babylon, and ended state of ancient Babylon with the invasion of first King Alehithe Morchila (Muršili I) who ruled between the years (1604 to 1594 BC). the city of Babylon.


Subsequent rulers of the Babylonian
The period subsequent to the era of the ancient Babylonian of the dark periods in the history of the scarcity of written sources, was sentenced Kushans Babylonian for a period of 400 years, has extended the influence of the state from the Euphrates to the Zagros and made it in the 15th century BC. M regional power between the forces of the ancient world the time of the States recital and Almitanih and Egyptian. Followed shortly by the start of the tide extends to the Assyrian Babylonia.
In the year 1155 BC. M area of Babylon attacked Elam and entered the city of Babylon itself and destroyed and looted, and loot the obelisk of the famous Code of Hammurabi and placed in the city of Sousse.
In the year 1137 BC. M able to "Nebuchadnezzar, the first" King of the city of Essen, the exclusion of the rulers Alcahien and the installation of strain Essen second arbiters of the Babylonian, and fought against Elam and destroyed the city of Sousse and returned the obelisk of Hammurabi in Babylon, and the attempts to Nebuchadnezzar the first to expand the influence of Babylon has watched and Thbttha Assyrian state, although he did not get a direct confrontation between the two states, but soon included the Assyrian state was destroyed by Babylon and did not touch the temples, which was considered sacrilege. As a pair "Houlmano - Acharid" third son "Shamshi - Adad" V Princess of the Babylonian "Chmiromat" known under the name of Semiramis, who ruled after the death of her husband, the Assyrian state for four years. He also "Tocolta - apli - indicated" the third crowned himself in Babylon after the unrest took place there, and thus unite the royal crown of Babylon and Assyria for the first time in history and in response to attempts Babylonian preparing to belong to the rule of Assyria with the help of Elam, the "O - Ohai - Iriba" ( Sennacherib in Altnach) in the year 689 BC. m Bmhajh city of Babylon and destruction, has tried his son, "Assyria - Ohai - our hands" (Esarhaddon in Altnach) to rebuild the city and restore its greatness the old, but the Assyrian political changed the direction of Babylon after him, and consequences of the wars and the destruction of In General 648 BC. m had to surrender the city to Lmk "Assyria - builder - apli" after besieged for two years.

Religion

The gods of the Pablan, headed god of the city of Babylon,Marduk the Creator God, the protector of individuals, as well asthe god of war, the son of god ", whatever" god of wisdom, and has a son named "Nebo" Protector of the scribes and thelearners. The goddess Ishtar the goddess Venus, the goddess of fertility and war together, and "O" the god of the moon, and the "Shamash" the sun god and the truth and justice. The rest of theworship of gods Sumerian, but the names of Babylonian, and many of the gods major city where a temple president for the worship of God, but his worship spread in all the cities andthroughout the State, equal status of the Congregation for the gods Sumerian Babylonian "Ann / Anu" in the city of Uruk(Warka), based in the sky. The Sumerian god Enlil temple foundin the city of Laredo, President, and President of the Temple ofIshtar in the city of Uruk, too. And God, "Nebo" in the cityBorsippa. Holiday "Akito" (akitu) New Year's holidays the most important Babylonian, and extends the celebrations by severaldays, and is originally in the fall, then turned to spring. Themovement of the statues of the gods in solemn procession to the house of a special celebration is usually located outside the city wall. It is usually recited prayers and songs in honor of the godMarduk, who was a temple tower (Zkorth) in Babylon largermodels such temples.

[مروان زين]

Law

The word religion in Akkadian (Babylonian) means «a question of law, the rule of law» and the judge called Diane, and responsible for the protection of the law and justice, all the gods, primarily the god of the sun (Shamash), described that he sees everything. The King Vhoalve is responsible for enforcing the law on the ground, which is the biggest judge. Legislation known as the land of Babylon the oldest dating back to the Sumerian King "Ornamu" (2111-1994 BC)., Followed by legislation of the King "to the house of Ishtar," King of Essen (1934-1924 BC).. King then issued after the legislation Ohenwna written in Babylonian.The most prominent of these laws Kanehghanon Hammurabi, which includes about 200 article of the law dealing with many things relating to the affairs of the family and slaves, land and trade.




Literature

Language Babylonian and Assyrian language of Akkadian dialects of the language that prevailed in Mesopotamia before the advent of the ancient Babylonian kingdom and the Kingdom of the ancient Assyrian. And was able to Babylonian language that arrived during the reign of Hammurabi to the stage of maturity and perfection, which is reflected in the Code of Hammurabi, the ancient world of the Middle prevail, and become the language of political and economic documents in those areas about a thousand years, until replaced by Aramaic sister.The cuneiform writing was developed by the CT to serve different purposes. The literature in modern continuation of the Old Babylonian Sumerian literary works with great effect in the literature of Mesopotamia in general, then Malbut that liberation from tradition to innovation emerged as literary works reflected the developments of living, and the maturity of the language you are interested in artistic style and aesthetic. The legend inspired room for answers to questions they inspire the imagination of the Babylonians from the world in which they live, and on issues such as creation, death, immortality, sin and punishment. Among the most prominent myths myth "Otrechcis" that highlighted the themes of the creation of man and the struggle of the gods, and the flood, and divine punishment. The Epic of Gilgamesh in the Babylonian version, which revolve around the idea of obtaining immortality and eternal youth. And the myth of Adada, who miss out on a chance of immortality. The legend "came to us," the first king of the city of Kish after the flood, it holds access to inherit from. And the myth of the descent of Ishtar to the underworld, which is irreversible it, but it brings the help of God, "Gia," which restores life, and offers God Dmosze (July) ransom her, sends instead, co-residence in the underworld every six months, and miss him fertile and green temporarily a symbol of the changing seasons of the year. Then show legend Babylonian creative in the eighth century BC is the myth of the "Lara" the god of plague and the destruction that give him the god of national Merodach the throne temporarily to lead a war to subjugate the people who are no longer left to the gods of chance to rest, but eventually succeed in stabilizing the country and to correct the situation and regret to do the blood, and convinces him his minister blows to the enemies of Babylon. It is important work Babylonian story of creation myth known Bmtalaaha "Anoma Elish" any «in the highest, when there», on the subject and the old a new vision to perpetuate the status of God Murdoch, head of the Mesopotamian gods complex. Have emerged as the poem "To Mr. Omagdn wisdom" that reflect the desperation of the human in the Babylonian era Kashi and skepticism in the divine justice, and the pessimism of the many calamities that befell him. And combine them to travel in the Book of Job Altnach. And known in Babylonia wisdom literature which takes priority targets ethical educational Kalomthal system poems, and sermons, and stories of religious and tales of the animal, and debates or Dialogues, which are on the tongues of animals, and between plants and people on various topics such as justice of God, and love. The book was written hymns and prayers to the gods, and tales of wry humor, including the story of the poor, who gave the ruling Najtah a symbol of the dream of the poor from the rich tyrants revenge on fate


Babylonian obelisk in history

Said a researcher at the history of Jordan and the effects of d. Zaidoun Muhaisin:
The obelisk is carved on a rock at high altitudes on the front south-east of the castle settled the dimensions of an area of six square meters to her three religious symbols and writings dating back to the era between the two rivers, is difficult to identify them and said in a statement the "opinion" that the first to know the sculpture, the professor the late Dr.. Qatamin Hamad from the University of Mutah in 1996, the French Archaeological Institute Then, preview the site by a team of specialists in mountain climbing have studied the obelisk in that place in a senior strategic interfaces Castle goods.
He said it was carved on the sandstone of the mountain range the company moving to the south-east of the mountain up from the bottom up about (35) meters from the top of the castle more than ten meters in length of the sculptures of three meters height of two meters can the viewer to see at a distance of more than (200) meters h of the interview, said the statue and stand in the greatness and the obelisk suggest Alhmokh engraving but parts of it were to tamper with the launch of shots from a distance, as is sculpture, is the king of the Babylonian "Nebo Ned / Nabunoid."
Who believed he was traveling from Mesopotamia to the Arab Peninsula in one of his campaigns, was found appropriate after subjecting Taima, the trend to the north, a request for grazing and fertile, to settle in areas of Adom, which occupies Seer their capital in the "goods" and Khirbet Aldhirih Tel Caliph in the Gulf of Aqaba, and pointed out that the history of engraving dates back to the period between (555 930 - BC), it signals to the moon and the sun and star of what constitutes a number integrated from the figures demonstrated that the Babylonians used a number (3) As used Assyrians numbers from (5-8) This pattern Babylonian origin, dating back to the sentence belonging to the date of the said proof of the importance of Engraving and the obelisk in the area of goods, and said that the king mentioned holds the scepter in his hands a sign on the property, which is like the obelisk, which is found in Harran in Saudi Arabia.